Who created bluetooth
Bluetooth history
Bluetooth takes its name from a character in history called Harald Bluetooth. He was the king of Denmark born in 910AD and was responsible in 940AD of uniting Denmark and Norway which is where Bluetooth technology gets its conception from. It was because of the uniting of two countries by Harald Bluetooth that the founders of Bluetooth technology took his name for the principle of uniting two components to work together remotely. Mobile phones, computers, printers, headsets etc can be connected wirelessly using Bluetooth technology.
The brainchild of providing a low power, low cost wireless interface was first inspired by Ericsson Mobile Communications. They started looking into ways of linking cell phones and computers without wires in 1994. In 1998, Lund Switzerland saw the formation of like minded companies who united into an association called the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). Coming from different backgrounds the group included market leaders in laptop manufacturing, the cell phone industry and digital signal processing. These companies where Ericsson, IBM, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, Intel, Toshiba, and Agere. These companies now promote development and research into the technology of Bluetooth.
Bluetooth specifications where developed by Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson two employees of Ericsson Mobile Platforms. Enabling various components from different industries to Connect Bluetooth technology was developed in Scandanavia. Based on a frequency hopping spread spectrum it is a wireless technology that combines and simplifies multiple forms of communication into a common secure available radio signal.
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group made a firm commitment to have Bluetooth technology installed in various devices and by 2002 Bluetooth technology was installed in PC’s, notebooks, desktop computers and over 100 million mobile phones had the technology as well as millions of other communications devices.
What exactly is Bluetooth?
Operating on a short-range radio frequency it is a wireless communications network. Bluetooth technology has the ability to has the ability to be used on any equipment that has its built in features and can exchange information between various device like mobile phones and computers. It is medically safe to use due to its low power use, and the information is carried over a short-range radio bandwidth, known as ISM which is secure, and scientifically sound.
To be able to connect to one another devices need to have Bluetooth profiles and need to be compatible with each other. You can use things like mobile phones, hands free headsets, printers with wireless network communications, keyboards and a mouse, provided the profiles have been enabled.
Versions of Bluetooth
There have been many different versions of Bluetooth and a lot has changed since version1.Introduced in 1998 and like most other new technologies had many teething problems. The main problem being a lack of devices being able to communicate.
Version 1.1 was able to communicate properly and the great improvements made it truly operable.
Version 1.2 had many new features, great extra benefits and vast improvement with voice quality, backward compatibility and was in general a better all round product.
Version2.0 saw more improvements and features and now version 3.0 is able to communicate with several devices using a Bluetooth master device in which the slave can become the master at any given time. Master devices use there ability and can swiftly switch from one device to another.
Other similar technology Such as Wi-Fi is on the market but use different technology although Wi-Fi has a greater operating range. Wi-Fi hardware is a lot more expensive Giving Bluetooth an advantage in costs. The Bluetooth setup of its services between many devices is simpler, can be automated and security is easier. Local are networks is more for Wi-Fi which is complicated to set up and needs to have all devices configured. Wi-Fi is better suited for operating larger networks while Bluetooth has more power and better connections.
Microsoft Windows XP with Service Pack 2 or higher is required to operate Bluetooth on a computer. If you run an Apple computer it has been supported by Bluetooth technology since 2002. Nearly all computers now have Bluetooth installed but if not then if your computer has Windows XP with Service pack 2 then a device called a dongle can be purchased. The dongle device allows various devices to communicate with your computer.
The future of Bluetooth is bright and it has become the world wide wireless standard system. In the future High quality audio and video data will have a much higher quality as Bluetooth improves and the alternative for transporting Bluetooth profile data is MAC PHY. Automatic configuration will be carried out by using Topology Management, and broadcast channelling, which will enable Bluetooth in other devises. The chain reaction is already in progress and as more components use Bluetooth technology, manufacturers of electronics will jump on the band wagon and become increasingly eager to make their products compatible. While other technology may go Bluetooth is here for the long term.
Are Used Macintosh Computers a Good Buy, or Should You Just Say Goodbye?
Second-hand, second user and used computers are what you would expect in that they have had a previous owner. They are only a fraction of their cost that they were only a year or two when they were sold on the market. Used computers are a great way to obtain a very good PC at a low price. Please note: I did not use the term “top spec computer.” Realistically, you’re not going to find a top-quality computer with used prices. However, obtaining an ideal spec machine at a cost-efficient price is possible.
Note to those who are buying their first computer: used Macintosh computers are a great choice for beginners.
Reputable online dealers use experienced and certified technicians to restore used Macintosh computers to perfect operating condition by thoroughly inspecting, repairing and/or cleaning. There is a money back guarantee and unless they work properly you can get back your money. The period of this warranty is 30 days, a good enough time. It is possible to get branded computers on a second sale, and though they are second hand computers but they are branded and also have a 3,6, or even a 12 month warranty sometimes, so it is advisable to check around.
A lot of people mistakingly believe used computers require additional work. I can categorically state that the opposite scenario is the true one. You will usually find that many mechanical parts have been replaced with new or refurbished bits and that normally includes the keyboard and mouse. When examining costs over a long period, it’s often more lucrative to replace used computers instead of buying new PCs. Bear that in mind.
Prices on used computers are extremely tempting and as I said before, are widely available online. The reason why so many are available is that many businesses lease a computer over say a year or two before upgrading to the latest available. Then these almost new computers are made available. It’s a great setting for someone watching his or her money.
Buying used Macintosh computers from a shop isn’t usually recommended, not only because is it difficult to find a reputable dealer, but also because a good warranty isn’t offered and the computer may not have been checked to find out if it works properly. Mostly, personal advertisments are not that effective and are given a miss by people, I would do the same and the reason for this is be because these ads offer no warranty at all. Yes, I have been steering you to online dealers for that reason. They have a system in place to deal with the inspection, repair and cleaning of used computers as well as being able to offer you a warranty.
So if they don’t have a guarantee, go somewhere else online. When purchasing anything online, be sure to review exactly what you are buying. Be sure to read the contract to determine if a monitor and Windows are included. It sometimes isn’t the case, so check!
The Nuvi 760 – Luxury GPS Device
The Garmin Nuvi 760 GPS Navigation System is among the top items available for navigations. The routes that come with the Nuvi 760 include North America so you get to travel to the United States, Canada, or Mexico with your GPS system to aid you.
Features
The readout on the Garmin Nuvi 760 give you a large 3.8 by 2.25 screen that has a backlight and an anti-glare screen. The display also has a great resolution of 480 by 272 pixels withs a 3-D image display.
Your Garmin 760 also offers an FM radio transmitter to offer you a way to keep up with the latest real-time traffic reports that can help you miss bad traffic areas in the city. All of the information that you must input on the unit is located on the touch screen so the shape is manageable with sleek lines and a smooth ball socket build.
You affix the Garmin Nuvi 760 to your windshield with a small suction cup that can be taken down with ease when you are ready to get out of your car. The small dimensions are perfect when you don’t like to leave your item in plain sight; the navigator will effortlessly slip into a pocket or purse while you file papers or pick up groceries.
Extra Features
The Garmin Nuvi 760 Travel Assistant offers you the ability to keep track of the most frequently used routes. For example, if you travel to hotels fairly often, you can save the hotel address in the unit and then simply put in your destination address for the fastest and most advantageous route.
You can also keep track of the names of the best restaurants and stores in the navigator to arrive at these places with no trouble in a new city. This is a good feature when you need a specific piece of merchandise that is not offered in some towns.
The Nuvi 760 is also the tool you want to have if you experience trouble finding where you have left your car in a sizable city or parking garage. The unit will automatically remember where you parked by storing the final location that the unit recalls. This is a useful feature that is not included in the previous Garmin Nuvi products.
Adding Features and Maps
If the Garmin Nuvi 760 GPS Navigation System that you own must be modified, the only requirement is to visit the official website to download recent maps and features onto the product. A few updates must be bought, such as travel guides and maps. You Nuvi 760 package will include a USB cable so that you can easily connect your unit to your PC for downloads.
You should also have the option of selecting the look of the touch screen letters on your Nuvi 760. Most consumers are accustomed to a standard keyboard and find it simpler to use this layout when putting in data.
DIY Casting Movement
People who like to make their own artifacts and are enchanted with the idea of building new and useful things from scratch are sure to enjoy ‘do it yourself casting’ that can be done at home using simple methods and techniques. Many amazing things can be produced and created using you home made metal foundry. A good understanding of some basic foundry knowledge and few simple tools can help you make metal casting at home possible. Many people find it difficult to get special parts for their cars or bikes or even find it very costly to modify their cars, house or even bikes. If you develop your hobby of Metal Casting , then you can easily make special parts for your cars and bikes and also will find it easy and save a lot of money. Casting can be used to make many things like, simple ornaments knobs and even handles. Hand wheels and small machinery or tools can also be made. Small articles like brass name plates, statues, vintage motorcycle and car parts, etc can also be made at home.
Furnace Designs that can be made at home:
Coffee Can Casting Furnace : This is very easy to build and even a large coffee-can will serve the purpose. This is one of the things that can be used to build a very simple and non complex gas fired furnace.
The “2 bucks” furnace: Is not as the name suggests, the furnace can’t be built in two bucks.Really with this design we are basing the design off of two buckets. It is very useful and a good experienced person can build it with a budget that is below 10 bucks. It effectively burns propane.
Flowerpot crucible furnace: This furnace can also be built very easily and most importantly, it can be built using the waste material from your back yard. All you need is an old flower pot and a few metal cans. Melt the metal cans and coat the inside of the flower pot with the melted metal and you furnace is ready.
Brick Furnaces, Chimney Pipe Furnaces, Dirt and Brick Furnaces and Breaking Metal in Barbecue are just a few other type of furnaces that can be build at home.
Tools and material needed:
Home made Aluminum pulleys: Pulleys of different size and shapes can be made by bending aluminum rods or plates. They are very simple to make and once you get the hang of it, you’ll enjoy making them.
Building steel crucibles: Steel crucibles are a bit difficult to make. You need to cut the steel and weld it using a welder, so it is a bit risky job and can cause injuries. It needs to be done with utmost care and precaution.
Home made ladle: A ladle can be made at home using a small portion of a steel water pipe; you can select the water pipe according to your needs and then cut it in the desired dimensions to create your home made ladle.
After doing all this basic work and gathering all the required information, you can now start your own Casting Furnace and make desired articles. You need t be thinking about the shape and size of the materials you want to make so you can move forward in the process of making molds. All types of metals and alloys can be used and melted for home casting, only their degree of heat required varies.
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Lost Wax Casting Information and Types of Lost Wax Casting
Lost Wax Casting is known as Cire Perdue in French. This is a very important process where a scuplture made by an artist is used to cast bronze. The Lost Wax Casting method is also known as Investment Casting in the modern industrial world. A long time ago in ancient times, this method was used to cast small bronze sculptures but as it has evolved today, it is used to make a lot of different things and each foundry uses the process differently. Today this developed method of Lost Wax Casting is used to make articles like fine jewelery, show pieces, dental restoration, a few specific industrial parts and also some machine tools.
Process of Lost Wax Metal Casting :
Rough Sculptor making: A creative artist makes an original sculptor or mold or an artwork by using raw material like wax, plaster of Paris or clay. A mixture of oil based clay and wax is preferred as these materials retain their softness.
Final Mold Making: A mold is then made as per the original sculptor. The mold is made up of two pieces and a key with shim is placed between the two pieces during construction so the mold can be put accurately back together. Molds are generally made using plaster or fiberglass or any other material that may be suitable. An inner mold of latex or vinyl or silicone is put pup preserve the details of the original art work. Generally, the original art work made of plaster mold cracks and breaks during the initial phase of deconstruction. Many a times, numerable molds are required to get the exact replica of the original art work.
Filling up the mold: Once the latex and plaster mold is complete and finished, molten wax is poured into the mold till it gets an even coating all around the mold. The thickness of the wax coating is around 1/8 inch. This process is then repeated until the desired thickness is achieved.
Removal of wax replica: The hollow wax replica of the original art work is then removed from the mold. In reality you can use the mold over and over for other wax replicas, but you may not want to do this due to the wear and tear of the original mold.
Softening: Each wax mold is then chased or softened using heated metal tools. The metal tools are rubbed around portions that show cracks or the joining line of the mold, where the pieces have come together. Separately molded wax pieces are then heated and attached. You will then do what is called “dress” the mold so you can hide any and all imprefections. The final piece then looks like a bronze sculpture.
Making paths for molten bronze: It is also known as “spuring”, in short the wax copy is then branched with treelike wax, so that the molten bronze reaches the right parts and also it helps the air to escape. The critical and careful spuring begins from the top of the wax copy. The top of the copy is attached to by wax cylinders to different points on the wax copy.
Slurry, burnout, testing, pouring, release, metal-chasing, and painting are the final steps in the process of Lost Wax Metal Casting .
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Bronze Casting Information and the process of Bronze Casting
Bronze has been the most sought-after metal for cast metal sculptures in the bygone years. Bronze alloys have a desirable and unusual property to expand slightly prior to their setting. This helps a great deal in filling every corner of the mold. Their ductility and strength causes them to be molded into any form. However, bronze has a basic disadvantage of not being durable. Hence, there are hardly any traces of ancient bronze statues found. Bronze Casting generally takes place by a process called lost-wax casting. Though, centrifugal and sand castings are also employed, around 90% of bronze casting takes place through lost-wax casting.
Lost-wax method: Lost-wax Metal Casting , in the industry, is better known as investment casting. It is costlier than die and sand Metal Casting , but outshines them in terms of accuracy. It is easily possible to make complicated structures through ‘lost-wax casting’. The process can be described as follows:
Sculpting: First, the original artwork is created by the artist from clay, wax, or some other material. Mostly, clay (oil-based) and wax are used due to their property of retention of softness.
Mold making: Majority of molds consist of 2 pieces, along with a shim placed between 2 halves at the time of construction in order to put back the mold accurately. The shim area is where the keys are stored. Plaster is generally what makes up small scuplture molds. Fiberglass can also be used. To have the minute details preserved on the surface of original artwork, there exists a mold inside. It is made up of vinyl, silicone, or latex supported by plaster part of mold. Generally, the destruction of original artwork takes place during making. This is due to the solid nature of the originals. The other reason is the rigidity of the originals at the time of removal of plaster mold. That’s why; the original is cut off into thin, long pieces and separately molded. At times, a number of molds are required for recreating the original structure.
Wax: After the completion of latex-and-plaster mold, the pouring of molten wax takes place. Then, swishing is carried out till a uniform coating is obtained. The thickness of the coating is 1/8 inches. The mold’s inner surface gets covered by it. In order to get the thickness that you desire, you will want to repeat this process over and over.
Wax removal: Artwork’s ‘hallow wax copy’ is detached from mold. This mold may be reused by the artist for making more copies of wax, but its use gets restricted due to frequent ‘wear & tear’. Around 25 copies can be made for tiny bronze artworks.
Chasing: The chasing of each copy starts. Rubbing of the marks is done by a hot metal tool. The marks showing ‘flashing’ or ‘parting line’ are rubbed out.
Spruing: The spruing of copy generates paths to flow (for molten bronze) and causes air to move out.
Slurry: The dipping of sprued copy into a liquid silica slurry, and then into sand-like ‘stucco’ takes place. If its 1/2 inch that you are going for in your coating, you will want to continue this process until this thickness is obtained.
After these steps, the out-and-out processes like burnout, testing, pouring, releasing, metal chasing, and patinating are carried out.
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learn some great G-Code tips today for CNC programming
In a word, no. You will probably need to know how to quickly scan your G-Code if you are having problems during your machining simulation.G-Code and CNC programs are throwaway programs for the most part. What do I mean by that? Let me explain.
Let us look at a very specific design. Let’s say a 12” by 12” square. You build your model, run it through your CAM Software and create a CNC Program made up of G-Code instructions to your machine. Say tomorrow the job requirements change to a 24” by 24” square. Do you go into your G-Code line by line and change the code? Most people wouldn’t. They would go back into their CAD or CAM program and scale the square up to 24” by 24”.Then postprocess the job to get their new CNC Program.
There are some people that would do this editing line by line because the design is simple. Now think of a complex shape and what scaling it up or down would entail.This would include changes to the G-Code and reviewing it line by line. We are talking thousands of lines here vs. Going back and quickly changing the size of the model, then creating some new G-Code. And that is why G-Code is throwaway. Use it over and over when you can, but don’t fret over archiving it if something changes. It is much better to make a copy of the design (CAD File) in its original state and save that somewhere. That is much more useful.
Post Processing??? – Now you have me worried. With all the variations in G-Codes and M-Codes, how will I ever keep it straight?
Don’t worry about that. The CAM program you choose will have many Post Processors. Post Processors are like translators. They help the CAM Program spit out the right gcode for your specific machine.What you have to do is select the right post processor before you create the G-Code. That is simple.
Most CAM programs have many machine specific post processors already loaded. All you do is go to the list of them and click on your machine to select it. If you build your own CNC Machine, there are generic post processors loaded for different types of machines. Usually you pick a generic one and modify it a bit with a little testing. You are making sure a move in the X-Axis positive direction really means what you want it to mean.
CNC information community:
If you would like to know more about CNC, head on over to http://www.cncinformation.com
Join up today and give it to CNC eBooks for for a. One is a GCode Quick Guide and the other is the CNC Info Site eBook. You also get the free CNC videos…Image to CNC Art when you join the community.
1000 rupees government laptop!
After graduation in Delhi, getting ready for the competitive examinations Archit Trivedi his room hostels for 2000 rupees per month to rent these days and your friend’s laptop on the project is preparing to. However, he soon hired his laptop in the half-money can buy.
The new plan from the most enthusiastic students Archit say, “cyber cafes have become very cheap, but if you have laptop if we sit at home at night, it is easy to work”.
It started 11 anniversary of the Five Year Plan which was drafted while the information, communication and technology (ICT) through the education campaign for the 5000 crore have been allocated. The purpose was all science students to provide a laptop.
Sources by CNN – IBN According to the information now the plan is ready at all between the ministers and their opinion to achieve is being sent. Higher education students in mind it has a sample from a government aid has been made by the company.
The government scheme has been working under the company name was kept secret.
Sources CNN – IBN have also reported that the laptop’s price will be only Rs 1000, the government if their partner to one million systems to make them contract.
256 MB of memory capacity in this laptop. The system will also facilitate the audio and video. Government and the development of this product at the same level of production would reduce costs.
The laptop comes with ‘nano-PC’, the news has begun to fly and it was not the technology more complex, perhaps in the villages of it heavy consumer can get.
Some brands and manufacturers of laptop
Acer
Apple
ASUS
Compaq
Dell
Gateway
Hewlett-
Lenovo
Panasonic
Sony
Toshiba
Abbcore Technologies
Acorn Computers
AVADirect
Averatec
BenQ
Everex
Fujitsu Siemens
Gericom
Gigabyte Technology
HCL
HTC – HTC Shift
Hypersonic
Hyundai
Jetta (electronics company) – Jetbook
LG – Xnote
LinuxCertified – Linux laptop
MDG Computers
Medion
Micro-Star International (MSI)
NEC – VERSA, LaVie
Neo – Empiriva, Endura
Noahpad
OQO
Orca
Packard Bell – EasyNote
PC Club
Philips – X200
Pioneer Computers
Positivo Informática
Prestigio
Sager Notebook Computers
Samsung – Sens
Seanix – Seanix
Sharp – Mebius
Síragon, C.A.
System76
VIA – NanoBook, pc-1 Initiative
Zenith
Zepto
Wipro Technolgies
Looking For More News : Visit :- Entertainment Website India
Antique Alarm Clocks
The oldest alarm clock ever is the sun, but antiques dealers and clock historians keep saying that the sun “doesn’t count”. Apparently this is because you can’t put the sun under any kind of value guide. But alarm clocks have existed long before the idea of buying and selling antiques. Here is a look at just three of these very different antique alarm clocks.
The Great Exhibition Of 1851
Charles Darwin, best known for his theory of evolution, was also a keen observer of his times. In 1851, he took his children to Hyde Park to the Crystal Palace, also known as The Great Exhibition. All kinds of new and unusual devices were on display, one of which (had it survived) would be known as the most dangerous antique alarm clock in the world today.
In this antique alarm clock, the sleeper’s was made on springs and levers. When it came time for the sleeper to come out of the Land of Nod, the bed would shoot up, propelling the sleeper into a tub of cold water. Unbelievably, this kind of antique alarm clock never caught on. In fact, it’s usually not listed in historical papers on the Great Exhibition. This antique alarm clock is, however, lovingly detailed in Charles Darwin’s personal diaries.
The Nuremberg Wall Clock
A much more conventional and dry antique wall clock is thought to have been made in the 1400’s in Nuremberg, Germany. It was made of iron and had bronze bells and worked as a smaller version of the huge town clocks all around European cities since the 1100’s. It was a mere nineteen inches tall. Its existence is doubtful, especially after the World Wars Germany went through. We know of this antique wall clock through old writings.
Salisbury Cathedral
The oldest known antique alarm clock still ticking away today can be seen in Salisbury Cathedral in England near Stonehenge, once thought to be a kind of antique alarm clock but now thought to be a place of ancestor worship. Known as “the Medieval Clock”, this antique alarm clock was thought to be made around 1386.
Alarm clocks were rather large in the fourteenth century – usually only a clock tower or a cathedral could hold one. he big advantage was that the whole town could use one. Also, you didn’t have to worry about antique alarm clock thieves. Or, worry about sober thieves, anyway. If anyone tried to steal this antique alarm clock, they wouldn’t be able to get very far without someone pretending not to notice.
Rapid Prototype Basics
Invention Prototype is a process of software development wherein physical objects are automatically constructed by means of SFF or solid freeform fabrication. In the process of rapid prototyping, a prototype or working model can be constructed quickly, and tested for its functionality, performance and output. The new features or ideas can be illustrated well in the prototype and early user feedback can be gathered with regards to the product. There are numerous advantages of rapid prototyping.
Benefits of Rapid Prototyping:
Significant advantages of a Prototyping include reduction of project cost and risk. Generally, one or more prototypes are developed in the process of software development in a series of incremental and iterative steps. Every prototype that is manufactured is based on the previous designs’ performance and it is a corrective process through which the past design defects or problems are corrected. The product is readied for production when the prototype is refined as per requirements and meets all the design goals like manufacturability, robustness and functionality.
Another great advantage of rapid prototyping is that it finds use and application in almost all the industries. The other advantages of rapid prototyping include the following:
Visualization capabilities are enhanced in the early designing phase with use of rapid prototyping. The user gets a fair idea of how the final product will look by observing the working model in early design stage.
The design flaws can be detected before manufacture process is initiated.
Rapid prototyping enables producer and users to participate actively. Active participation between the users and producer is encouraged.
The user is able to get a higher output.
The development costs are reduced considerably, hence rapid prototyping proves to be quite cost effective.
Rapid prototyping increases the speed of system development.
With Invention Prototype , it is possible to detect deficiencies in the earlier prototype, coding activities and requirement analysis.
Rapid prototyping assists in refining the potential risks that are involved in the delivery
The different aspects of the prototype can be tried and tested and immediate feedback is possible form user.
Better communication is enabled between the users and designer as there is clear expression of requirements and expectations in the start itself.
Rapid prototyping enables easy delivery of high quality product.
Cost and Time Savings:
Savings of development time and process costs are some of the greatest advantages of rapid prototyping. Time can be saved by reducing the amount of time required to produce the prototype parts and tooling. Production costs are lowered as the mistakes regarding tooling are identified in the early stages and hence, the modification costs can be cut down in the actual production.
Advantage of Innovation:
Rapid prototyping can be used in many innovative ways. There are many firms that use rapid prototyping innovatively, hence, offering additional benefits. The advantages of rapid prototyping in innovative applications are advancement of new testing procedures and analysis, production tooling manufacture, improved communications across production departments and support of customized manufacturing. The new technologies can be used in a cost effective and successful manner with innovative applications of rapid prototyping.